{"id":26175,"date":"2016-04-13T22:31:12","date_gmt":"2016-04-13T19:31:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/?p=26175"},"modified":"2016-04-13T22:41:21","modified_gmt":"2016-04-13T19:41:21","slug":"kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/?p=26175","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 E\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435."},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><u>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 <\/u><u>E<\/u><u>\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00a0 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>1.<\/i> <b><i><u>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/b> \u041d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <i><u>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/u><\/i> \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i><u>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/b><br \/>\n\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"16\" \/>\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <i><u>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/u><\/i>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i><u>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/b> \u041d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <i><u>\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/u><\/i> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <i><u>\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/u><\/i>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_3.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"67\" height=\"21\" \/>\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_4.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"35\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 <i><u>\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/u><\/i> \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"207\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441.1<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430\u00a0 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_7.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_8.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"44\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_9.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u0418 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image012.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_13.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"47\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image016.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"297\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441.2<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_14.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_16.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_17.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_16.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_17.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"16\" \/>. \u041e\u0431\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 <i><u>\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c<\/u><\/i>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 <i><u>\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/u><\/i>. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_18.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"32\" height=\"23\" \/>. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_19.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"107\" height=\"39\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0420\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (1) \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u0412\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (1) \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_20.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"92\" height=\"86\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 (2) \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"15\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_21.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"108\" height=\"26\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>2. <\/i>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_22.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image026.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"506\" height=\"373\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 3<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 (\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044b) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_22.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_8.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"44\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_23.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_24.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_25.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_26.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u042d\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_27.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0443\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_28.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_29.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_30.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_14.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_31.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"40\" height=\"21\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_32.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"286\" height=\"31\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (*)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image037.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"77\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_33.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"128\" height=\"25\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_34.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"25\" \/>. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_35.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_36.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_30.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_37.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"57\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_38.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"70\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_39.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_40.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"132\" height=\"32\" \/>. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_41.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_42.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 (*). \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_43.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"31\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_44.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"130\" height=\"84\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0(2)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 (2) \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_24.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_28.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (2) \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image050.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"29\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_45.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_46.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"138\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>3.<u> \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. <\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_47.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"9\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00a0\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_49.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"88\" height=\"32\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_50.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"25\" \/>. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_51.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"9\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_52.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"54\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u0437 (2) \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e (1), \u0442.\u043a. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_54.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"119\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image061.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"304\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 4<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_55.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_56.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"44\" \/>. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (3) \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_57.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"172\" height=\"50\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (4)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (4) \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_58.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"44\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_59.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"44\" \/>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_60.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"50\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_61.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"49\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(5)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c <i><u>\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/u><\/i>, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_62.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_63.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, (4) \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_64.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"145\" height=\"52\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (4\u2019)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0420\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (4\u2019) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_62.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_63.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right; text-indent: 35.4pt;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_65.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"157\" height=\"54\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(4\u2019\u2019)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, (4\u2019\u2019) \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u00a0 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_62.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_63.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_62.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_63.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_66.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"34\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (5)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_67.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_68.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_67.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_69.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"68\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_70.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"104\" height=\"31\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_71.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"143\" height=\"30\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (6)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_72.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"85\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (7)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_73.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_74.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"26\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_75.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_76.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"75\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_77.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"104\" height=\"41\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_78.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"52\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_79.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"30\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_80.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"30\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_81.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"56\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_82.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"45\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image090.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"121\" height=\"41\" \/>. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u00a0\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_83.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>4.<u> \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a <\/u><u>S<\/u><u> \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_84.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"23\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (1) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_85.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"73\" height=\"85\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_50.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"25\" \/>. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e (1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_86.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_51.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"9\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (3). \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_87.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"51\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (4)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_88.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"41\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_89.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"44\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_90.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"41\" \/>. \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 (4) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_91.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"45\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(5)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_92.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"41\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_93.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"24\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_94.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_50.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f\u00a0 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_95.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"131\" height=\"47\" \/>. \u041d\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_96.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"35\" \/>, \u0442.\u043a. \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_97.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"35\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_98.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"115\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443. \u0412\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_99.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (5) \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_99.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435, \u0442.\u043a. \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_100.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"35\" \/>. \u0418\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_99.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_67.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_101.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"117\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_102.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_103.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"56\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_69.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"68\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_104.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"107\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_105.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0&#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (6).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418\u043b\u0438:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_106.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"26\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (7)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image115.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"378\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 5<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_99.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_107.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_108.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"185\" height=\"54\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (8)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u044d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_109.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"115\" height=\"44\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_67.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_110.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"43\" \/>; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_111.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"43\" \/>; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_112.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"43\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_113.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"313\" height=\"46\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_114.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"427\" height=\"52\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_115.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"46\" \/>, \u0442.\u043a. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_116.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_117.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"70\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u21163: 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1065, 1069 (\u0410\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u043d) \u0447. II.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><i>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>1.<\/i> \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_50.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_118.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_118.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_119.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_120.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"24\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_121.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u2026, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_122.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_123.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_124.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u2026, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_125.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_126.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_127.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"32\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image137.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"92\" height=\"32\" \/>,\u2026,<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_128.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"103\" height=\"32\" \/>. \u0421\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_129.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"83\" height=\"45\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_130.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"33\" \/>\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image141.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"461\" height=\"308\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441.6<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_131.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_132.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_133.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"137\" height=\"63\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_134.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"26\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_135.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"105\" height=\"64\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 <b>(2)<\/b> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_136.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"33\" height=\"53\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_137.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_138.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0442.\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_139.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"61\" \/>\u00a0.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f <b>(3)<\/b> \u0432 <b>(1)<\/b> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_140.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"208\" height=\"59\" \/>\u00a0 .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(4)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_141.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"15\" \/>, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_132.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e, \u0438<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_142.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(5)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b <b>(5)<\/b> \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_118.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"17\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_143.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_144.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_145.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_146.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 <b>(5)<\/b><br \/>\n\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u0442.\u0435. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_147.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"123\" height=\"61\" \/>. \u041f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_148.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"172\" height=\"25\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_149.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"70\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(6)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_150.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"77\" \/>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_151.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"61\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_152.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"41\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_153.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"30\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"12\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_154.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"83\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_155.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"35\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_156.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"51\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_157.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"627\" height=\"51\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_158.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"656\" height=\"93\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_159.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"116\" height=\"41\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_160.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(**)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_161.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"55\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_162.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"58\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_163.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"37\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_164.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"54\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_165.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"552\" height=\"28\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_166.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"57\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.8pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_167.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"47\" \/>. \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_168.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"247\" height=\"50\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_169.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_51.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"9\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 <b>(**)<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_170.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"456\" height=\"53\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438: \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u043d \u0447.II. 954, 956, 957, 958.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_171.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"73\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_172.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"89\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0(\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_118.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_51.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"9\" height=\"16\" \/>, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 <b>(6)<\/b>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_173.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"57\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(7)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_174.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_175.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"34\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422.\u043a. \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_53.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_176.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_177.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"129\" height=\"26\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 <b>(7)<\/b> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_178.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"34\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_179.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"25\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_180.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_181.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_182.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"258\" height=\"24\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(8)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_183.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"73\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(9)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_22.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_184.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"57\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_185.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"45\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_186.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"28\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_187.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"48\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_188.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_189.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"28\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_190.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"22\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_191.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"62\" height=\"22\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 7<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_192.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"31\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_193.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"31\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_194.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"28\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_195.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_196.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"409\" height=\"46\" \/>; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_197.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"85\" height=\"30\" \/>; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_198.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"41\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_199.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>2<\/i><\/b>. <i><u>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_200.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_201.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_202.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"28\" \/>. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_203.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"47\" height=\"25\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_204.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"47\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_205.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_206.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_207.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_208.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0<i><u>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b.<\/u><\/i>\u00a0\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041b\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0436\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_209.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"36\" \/>\u00a0\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_62.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_210.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_211.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"40\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_213.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_214.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"87\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_215.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"172\" height=\"24\" \/>. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_216.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"24\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_217.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_218.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"41\" \/>,\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_219.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"41\" \/>,\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_220.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"56\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image233.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"204\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 8<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_221.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"91\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_222.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"20\" \/>. \u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 1-\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 2-\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_223.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"21\" \/><br \/>\n\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_224.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"19\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_225.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"56\" height=\"26\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_226.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"66\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_227.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"63\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0414\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_218.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_228.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"19\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_219.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_229.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"19\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_220.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"56\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_230.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_231.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"59\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_232.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"577\" height=\"55\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_233.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"59\" \/>\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_234.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"52\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_235.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"29\" \/>, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_236.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_237.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_238.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_235.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"29\" \/>\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_236.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"28\" \/>, \u0442.\u0435. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_239.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"41\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_240.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"33\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_230.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_241.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"81\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_242.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"504\" height=\"47\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438: 1083 (<i>\u0430, \u0431, \u0432, \u0433, \u0434<\/i> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_243.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"21\" \/>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>3.<\/i><i> <\/i><\/b><i><u>\u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i><u>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_244.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_245.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. (\u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445). \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_244.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_245.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_246.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"89\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_247.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_248.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"25\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_249.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"139\" height=\"25\" \/>. \u0418\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_250.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"55\" \/>, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_251.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"33\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_252.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"243\" height=\"33\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_253.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"552\" height=\"31\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_254.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"273\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image268.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"277\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 9<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_255.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"433\" height=\"52\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image270.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_247.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_257.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"115\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_17.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_258.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_16.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_259.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_230.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_260.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>) \u0432 <b>(1)<\/b>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_261.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"50\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 <b>(2)<\/b> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image277.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u041e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 (\u0441\u043c. \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i> (1095, \u0410\u0442.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_262.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"221\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_263.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_264.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_265.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"108\" height=\"52\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image282.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"95\" \/>. \u0412\u044b\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_266.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"108\" height=\"48\" \/>. \u0422.\u043a. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_267.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_268.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"197\" height=\"50\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_269.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"51\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image287.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"123\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_270.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"88\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_271.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"23\" \/>. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_272.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"52\" height=\"21\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image291.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_273.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"108\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_274.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_275.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_276.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_277.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"29\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_278.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"183\" height=\"28\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_279.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_280.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"22\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_281.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"171\" height=\"22\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_282.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"48\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_283.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"48\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u2116 1097 (\u0410\u0442).<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_284.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"89\" height=\"41\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_285.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"41\" \/>,\u00a0 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_286.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_287.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"17\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image277.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_288.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"21\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_289.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"92\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_290.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"23\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_291.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_292.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"129\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_293.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"49\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_294.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"207\" height=\"50\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_295.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"86\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_297.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"47\" height=\"19\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_260.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_298.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"437\" height=\"52\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_299.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"457\" height=\"101\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"95\" \/>, \u0442.\u043a. \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image320.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"19\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_301.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"144\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 3.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_302.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"83\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_303.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"87\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_304.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_305.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"51\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_306.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"51\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_307.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"98\" height=\"29\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_308.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"102\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_309.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"32\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_310.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"29\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_311.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_312.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"29\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_313.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"152\" height=\"28\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_314.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"29\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_315.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"29\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_316.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"206\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_317.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"48\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_318.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"141\" height=\"44\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c: 1096, 1101, 1109.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>4.<\/i><\/b><i><u> \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u00a0\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u0437 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_319.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_320.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"66\" \/>, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(*)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0433\u0434\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_321.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_27.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <b>(1)<\/b> \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_322.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"29\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_323.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"21\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_68.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_324.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_325.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_326.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"21\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_327.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"45\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_328.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"98\" height=\"46\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_329.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"308\" height=\"52\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_330.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"135\" height=\"55\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_331.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"548\" height=\"55\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_332.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"63\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_333.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"151\" height=\"58\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0443 <b>(*)<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_334.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"175\" height=\"49\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(**)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u041b\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0436\u0430, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_335.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"40\" \/>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_336.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"276\" height=\"53\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_337.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_244.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_245.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_338.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"40\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image359.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"339\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 10<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_339.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_340.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_341.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"69\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_342.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"52\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1094 (\u0431).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><u>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><i>1. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><i>2. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><i>3. \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><i>4. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u042d\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><i>5. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>1.<\/i> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_343.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"57\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_344.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"36\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b, \u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_345.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"32\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435. \u0412\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_346.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"55\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_347.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i><u>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i> \u041d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u00a0 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_348.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"23\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_349.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_350.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"45\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image372.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_351.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"73\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_352.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"139\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_353.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"69\" \/>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_354.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"32\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_355.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"28\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_349.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_356.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image270.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0443\u0440-\u0438\u044f\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_357.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"57\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_358.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"68\" height=\"48\" \/>. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_359.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_360.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"25\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_361.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"47\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_362.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"55\" \/>\u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_363.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"31\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_364.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"53\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(4)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_365.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_366.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"63\" \/>. \u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <b>(4)<\/b><br \/>\n\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_348.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"23\" \/>. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_367.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"53\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0442.\u043a. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_368.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"53\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_369.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image392.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"153\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_370.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"55\" \/>. \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_371.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"50\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_372.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"50\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(5)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_373.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"286\" height=\"30\" \/>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_374.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"25\" \/>, <b>(5)<\/b> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_375.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"51\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(5\u2019)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_376.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"108\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_247.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <b>(5\u2019) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_377.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"161\" height=\"44\" \/>\u00a0<\/b>\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_378.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"137\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_379.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1.<\/b><br \/>\n\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_380.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_48.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_381.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"143\" height=\"54\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_382.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"265\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_383.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"169\" height=\"28\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_384.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"279\" height=\"32\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_385.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"86\" height=\"24\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_386.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_387.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"29\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_388.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"33\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_389.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"26\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_390.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"57\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_391.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"517\" height=\"31\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_392.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"397\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_393.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_394.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"503\" height=\"57\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_395.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"55\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_396.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"29\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_397.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"193\" height=\"56\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><b>2.<\/b> \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_398.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"48\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_399.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"191\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_400.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"53\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_401.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"32\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_402.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_403.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"277\" height=\"40\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_404.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"37\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_405.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_406.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"31\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_407.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"58\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_408.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_409.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"37\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_410.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"57\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_411.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"309\" height=\"56\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_412.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"56\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_413.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"53\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_414.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"181\" height=\"53\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>2.<\/i><\/b> <i><u>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/u>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_415.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"30\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <b>(5\u2019)<\/b> \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_416.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_379.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_417.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"62\" \/>\u0431 \u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_418.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"161\" height=\"39\" \/>, \u0442\u043e :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_419.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"120\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_420.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"121\" \/>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_421.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"120\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_422.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_423.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_424.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"141\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_425.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"63\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_426.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"39\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_427.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"24\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_428.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"29\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_429.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"28\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_430.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"74\" height=\"30\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_431.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"131\" height=\"29\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_432.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"32\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_433.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"37\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_434.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"373\" height=\"54\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_435.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"433\" height=\"54\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e: \u0410\u0442. 1120, 1122, 1124.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>3.<\/i><\/b><i> <u>\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image270.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"25\" \/>. \u0418 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_247.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u041e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_436.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"44\" height=\"52\" \/>, \u0433\u0434\u0435\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_349.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0413\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"12\" height=\"23\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_437.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_210.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_437.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_210.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_323.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u041a \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_438.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u0418\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_439.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"25\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_440.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"129\" height=\"29\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image464.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"433\" height=\"219\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441. 11<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_441.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"52\" \/>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_442.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0442.\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_443.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"162\" height=\"86\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_444.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"66\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f <b>(1)<\/b> \u0438 <b>(3)<\/b>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_445.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"276\" height=\"71\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(4)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_446.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"17\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_447.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_448.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"47\" \/>. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_449.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"135\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_450.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"60\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_451.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"35\" \/>\u00a0&#8212;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(5)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043a \u00ab+\u00bb \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_379.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e (\u00ab\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb), \u0430\u00a0 \u00ab-\u00bb &#8212; \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e. \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <b>(5)<\/b> \u2013 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_324.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_325.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_452.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"119\" height=\"24\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_453.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"119\" height=\"24\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_454.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"119\" height=\"24\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>4.<\/i><\/b> <i><u>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u042d\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_455.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_27.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_25.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_26.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"19\" \/>. \u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_422.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_456.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"40\" height=\"17\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_457.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"17\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_458.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"73\" height=\"21\" \/>. \u0412\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_459.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"173\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_460.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"187\" height=\"41\" \/>. \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_437.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_210.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_27.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_461.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"99\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_462.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"135\" height=\"47\" \/>, \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_463.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"23\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_464.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u00a0\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0439 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_25.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_26.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"27\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_465.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_466.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"143\" height=\"30\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"213\" \/><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b><i>\u0440\u0438\u0441.12<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_24.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_467.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_468.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"388\" height=\"52\" \/>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image372.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_467.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_324.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"15\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_325.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <b>(2)<\/b> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_469.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"47\" \/>\u00a0, \u0438\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_470.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/u><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_471.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"45\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_472.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"61\" height=\"45\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_296.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_473.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_474.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"41\" \/>\u00a0\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_24.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"17\" \/>, \u0442\u043e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_475.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"41\" \/>. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_476.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"29\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u042d\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_256.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"59\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0414\u044e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>5.<\/i><\/b><i> <u>\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_437.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_210.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_477.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"88\" height=\"25\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_478.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"312\" height=\"28\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<b>(1)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/image504.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"31\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_479.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"28\" \/>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_480.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"191\" height=\"28\" \/>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_481.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_482.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"23\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_481.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_483.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"504\" height=\"28\" \/>.\u00a0 <b>(3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_323.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_323.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"39\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_484.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"73\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0443:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_485.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"48\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(4)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 <b>(4)<\/b> \u0432 <b>(3)<\/b>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_486.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u0438\u043b\u0438<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_487.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"27\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_488.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"27\" \/>, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_489.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_490.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"163\" height=\"23\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(5)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_491.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"159\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_492.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"552\" height=\"26\" \/>, \u0442.\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_493.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"27\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>(6)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_494.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"47\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_495.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"409\" height=\"28\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(7)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <b>(7)<\/b>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_214.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"87\" height=\"21\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_496.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"37\" height=\"21\" \/>, \u0442\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432 <b>(7)<\/b><br \/>\n\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_497.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"48\" \/>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>(7\u2019)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_481.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"21\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_498.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"155\" height=\"41\" \/>, \u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_499.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"99\" height=\"44\" \/>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <b>(7\u2019) <\/b>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"30\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(8)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_501.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_467.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_467.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" \/>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0413\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0418\u0437 <b>(8)<\/b> \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c: <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_502.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"105\" height=\"51\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d, \u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <b>(8)<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_503.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_504.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"56\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_505.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"41\" height=\"19\" \/>, \u0442\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <b>(8)<\/b>\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f. \u0418\u0437 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_499.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"99\" height=\"44\" \/>\u00a0\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_506.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"23\" \/>, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_507.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"43\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_508.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"43\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_509.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"43\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0&#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/u><\/i> 1742 (\u0411\u0430\u0437).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_510.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"128\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_511.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"169\" height=\"25\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_512.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"133\" height=\"31\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_513.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"99\" height=\"30\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_514.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"31\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_515.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"39\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_516.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"35\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_517.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"28\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_518.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_519.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"313\" height=\"32\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_520.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"611\" height=\"51\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_521.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"52\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_522.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"52\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_526.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"57\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_527.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"53\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 2.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_528.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"81\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 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<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_532.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"29\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_533.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"517\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_534.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"31\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_535.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"27\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_536.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"59\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_537.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"463\" height=\"56\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_538.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"54\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_539.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"52\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_540.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"56\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_541.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"77\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 3.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_528.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"81\" height=\"23\" \/>\u00a0\u0434\u043b\u044f <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_542.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"45\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><u>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_543.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"51\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_544.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"52\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_545.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"409\" height=\"52\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_546.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"62\" \/>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_547.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"616\" height=\"89\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_548.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"68\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_549.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"71\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_550.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"96\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_551.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"96\" height=\"59\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/7\/kursovaja-osnovnye-voprosy-teorii-poverhnostej-v_552.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"133\" height=\"47\" \/>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 E\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00a0 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. 4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[67],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26175"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26175"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26181,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26175\/revisions\/26181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/studentpmr.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}